OSHA inoraira vashandi vekuchengetedza kukiya, tag, uye kutonga simba rine njodzi.Vamwe vanhu havazive kutora danho iri, muchina wega wega wakasiyana.Vadivelu Comedy Getty Images
Pakati pevanhu vanoshandisa chero mhando yemidziyo yemaindasitiri, kukiya / tagout (LOTO) hachisi chinhu chitsva.Kunze kwekunge simba radzimwa, hapana anoshinga kuita chero nzira yekugadzirisa kana kuedza kugadzirisa muchina kana system.Izvi zvinongodiwa zvehungwaru uye Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
Usati waita mabasa ekugadzirisa kana kugadzirisa, zviri nyore kubvisa muchina kubva kune simba rayo-kazhinji nekudzima dhizaini-uye kukiya musuwo wedunhu rebreaker panel.Kuisa chiziviso chinozivisa nyanzvi dzekugadzirisa nemazita inyaya iri nyore.
Kana simba risingakwanisi kuvharwa, chinyorwa chete chinogona kushandiswa.Chero zvazvingava, ingave yakakiyiwa kana isina, iyo label inoratidza kuti kugadzirisa kuri kuitika uye mudziyo haubatike.
Zvisinei, uku hakusi kuguma kwerotari.Chinangwa chikuru hachisi chekungobvisa simba remagetsi.Chinangwa ndechekudya kana kusunungura simba rese rine njodzi-kushandisa mazwi eOSHA, kudzora simba rine njodzi.
Sahawo zvayo inofananidzira njodzi mbiri dzenguva pfupi.Mushure mekunge jeko radzimwa, blade yesaha icharamba ichimhanya kwemasekonzi mashoma, uye inongomira kana simba rakachengetwa mumotokari rapera.Iyo blade icharamba ichipisa kwemaminitsi mashomanana kusvikira kupisa kwapera.
Kungofanana nemasaha echitoro chemagetsi uye simba rekupisa, basa rekushandisa michina yemaindasitiri (yemagetsi, hydraulic, uye pneumatic) kazhinji inogona kuchengetedza simba kwenguva yakareba. yedunhu, simba rinogona kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba inoshamisa.
Michina yakasiyana-siyana yemaindasitiri inoda kushandisa simba rakawanda.Iyo yakajairwa simbi AISI 1010 inogona kushingirira kukotama masimba anosvika 45,000 PSI, saka michina yakaita semabhureki ekutsikirira, zvibhakera, zvibhakera, uye pombi benders inofanira kufambisa simba muzvikamu zvematani.Kana dunhu rinopa simba hydraulic pump system rakavharwa uye rakabviswa, iyo hydraulic chikamu cheiyo system inogona kuramba ichikwanisa kupa 45,000 PSI.Pamichina inoshandisa mold kana mashizha, izvi zvinokwana kupwanya kana kucheka makumbo.
Rori yakavharwa ine bhaketi mudenga ine ngozi kungofanana nerori yebhakiti isina kuvharwa.Vhura vharuvhu isiriyo uye giravhiti richatora.Saizvozvowo, iyo pneumatic system inogona kuchengetedza simba rakawanda kana yakadzimwa.Iyo yepakati-saizi pombi bender inogona kutora kusvika 150 amperes yezvino.Zvakaderera se0.040 amps, mwoyo unogona kumira kurova.
Kusunungura zvakachengeteka kana kupedza simba inhanho yakakosha mushure mekudzima simba uye LOTO.Kusunungurwa kwakachengeteka kana kushandiswa kwesimba rine ngozi kunoda kunzwisisa kwenheyo dzehurongwa uye ruzivo rwemuchina unoda kuchengetedzwa kana kugadziriswa.
Kune mhando mbiri dze hydraulic system: yakavhurika loop uye yakavharwa loop.Munzvimbo yeindasitiri, mhando dzepombi dzakajairika magiya, vanes, uye pistons.Silinda yechishandiso chekumhanya inogona kuita-imwe-kuita kana kaviri-kuita.MaHydraulic masisitimu anogona kuve nechero yemhando nhatu dzevharuvhu-directional control, kuyerera kwekudzora, uye kudzvanywa kwekudzora-imwe neimwe yemhando idzi ine akawanda marudzi.Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvekuteerera, saka zvinodikanwa kunyatsonzwisisa chimwe nechimwe chechikamu kuti ubvise njodzi dzine chekuita nesimba.
Jay Robinson, muridzi uye purezidhendi weRbSA Industrial, akati: "Iyo hydraulic actuator inogona kufambiswa nevhavha yakazara-chiteshi chekuvhara."“Solenoid valve inovhura vharuvhu.Kana sisitimu yave kushanda, iyo hydraulic fluid inoyerera ichienda kune midziyo ine high pressure uye kutangi ine low pressure,” akadaro.."Kana sisitimu ikaburitsa zviuru zviviri zvePSI uye simba rakadzimwa, solenoid inoenda kunzvimbo yepakati uye inovhara madoko ese.Oiri haikwanise kuyerera uye muchina unomira, asi sisitimu iyi inogona kusvika chiuru chePSI kudivi rega rega revhavha.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nyanzvi dzinoedza kuita zvechinyakare kugadzirisa kana kugadzirisa vari panjodzi yakananga.
"Mamwe makambani ane maitiro akajairika akanyorwa," akadaro Robinson.“Vazhinji vavo vakati nyanzvi yaifanira kubvisa magetsi, oikiya, oimaka, obva adzvanya bhatani rekuti START kuti atange muchina.”Mune ino mamiriro, muchina unogona kusaita chero chinhu-hauite Kurodha workpiece, kukotama, kucheka, kuumba, kuburitsa workpiece kana chero chinhu-nekuti haigone.Iyo hydraulic valve inofambiswa ne solenoid valve, inoda magetsi.Kudzvanya bhatani re START kana kushandisa control panel kumisa chero chikamu cheiyo hydraulic system hakuzoite iyo isina simba solenoid valve.
Chechipiri, kana nyanzvi inonzwisisa kuti inoda kushandisa manually valve kuti isunungure hydraulic pressure, inogona kusunungura kudzvinyirira kune rumwe rutivi rwegadziriro uye kufunga kuti akabudisa simba rose.Muchokwadi, zvimwe zvikamu zvehurongwa zvinogona kuramba zvichishingirira kusvika ku1,000 PSI.Kana kudzvinyirirwa uku kuchionekwa pakupera kwechishandiso chegadziriro, vashandi vanozoshamisika kana vakaramba vachiita mabasa ekugadzirisa uye vangatokuvara.
Mafuta eHydraulic haamanikidzire zvakanyanya-chete nezve 0.5% pa1,000 PSI-asi mune iyi nyaya, hazvina basa.
"Kana nyanzvi ichiburitsa simba padivi reactuator, sisitimu inogona kutamisa chishandiso mukati mekurohwa," akadaro Robinson."Zvichienderana nehurongwa, sitiroko inogona kunge iri 1/16 inch kana 16 tsoka."
"Iyo hydraulic system isimba rekuwedzera, saka chirongwa chinobudisa 1,000 PSI chinogona kusimudza mitoro inorema, yakadai se3,000 pounds," akadaro Robinson.Muchiitiko ichi, ngozi haisi kutanga netsaona.Dambudziko nderokusunungura kumanikidzwa uye netsaona kuderedza mutoro.Kutsvaga nzira yekudzikisa mutoro usati watarisana nehurongwa hunogona kunzwika sehungwaru, asi marekodhi ekufa kweOSHA anoratidza kuti kungwara hakuiti nguva dzose mumamiriro ezvinhu aya.MuOSHA Incident 142877.015, “Mushandi ari kutsiva…Boom yakadonha nekukurumidza ndokurova mushandi, ichipwanya Musoro wake, torso nemaoko.Mushandi akaurayiwa. "
Pamusoro pematangi emafuta, pombi, mavharuvhu uye actuators, mamwe maturusi e hydraulic anewo accumulator.Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, inounganidza hydraulic mafuta.Basa rayo nderekugadzirisa kudzvanywa kana huwandu hwehurongwa.
"Accumulator ine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: bhegi remhepo mukati metangi," akadaro Robinson.“Airbag yakazadzwa nenitrogen.Panguva yekushanda kwakajairika, hydraulic oiri inopinda nekubuda mutangi sezvo dhizaini inowedzera nekudzikira. "Kunyangwe mvura ichipinda kana kubuda mutangi, kana kuti inofamba, zvinoenderana nekutsikirira musiyano pakati peiyo system neairbag.
"Marudzi maviri aya ndeaya anokonzeresa uye vhoriyamu accumulators," akadaro Jack Weeks, muvambi weFluid Power Learning."The shock accumulator inobata mapikisi ekumanikidza, nepo vhoriyamu accumulator ichidzivirira kudzvanywa kwesystem kudonha kana kudiwa kwakangoerekana kwapfuura simba repombi."
Kuti ushande pane yakadaro system pasina kukuvara, nyanzvi yekuchengetedza inofanirwa kuziva kuti iyo system ine accumulator uye nzira yekusunungura kumanikidza kwayo.
Kune zvinokatyamadza zvinobata, vashandi vekuchengetedza vanofanirwa kungwarira zvakanyanya.Nemhaka yokuti bhegi remhepo rinoputirwa pakumanikidzwa kukuru kudarika kudzvinyirira kwehurongwa, kukundikana kwevhavha kunoreva kuti inogona kuwedzera kudzvinyirira kuhurongwa.Mukuwedzera, ivo vanowanzove vasina kugadzirwa nevhavhavha yekudhonza.
"Hapana mhinduro yakanaka kune dambudziko iri, nokuti 99% yezvirongwa hazvipi nzira yekuongorora kuvhara kwevhavha," akadaro Weeks.Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zvinogadzirisa zvinogona kupa matanho ekudzivirira."Unogona kuwedzera vharafu mushure mekutengesa kuti uburitse imwe mvura chero kupi uko kumanikidzwa kunogona kugadzirwa," akadaro.
Nyanzvi yebasa inoona yakaderera accumulator airbags inogona kuda kuwedzera mweya, asi izvi zvinorambidzwa.Dambudziko nderekuti maairbag aya ane mavharuvhu ekuAmerica, akafanana neanoshandiswa pamavhiri emotokari.
"Iyo accumulator kazhinji ine decal yekunyevera pamusoro pekuwedzera mhepo, asi mushure memakore akati wandei ekushanda, iyo decal kazhinji inonyangarika kare," Wicks akadaro.
Imwe nyaya ndeyekushandiswa kwemavharuvhu ekupikisa, Mavhiki akadaro.Pamavharuvhu mazhinji, kutenderera kwewachi kunowedzera kudzvanywa;pakuenzanisa mavharuvhu, mamiriro acho akasiyana.
Chekupedzisira, nharembozha dzinofanirwa kuve dzakangwarira.Nekuda kwezvimhingamipinyi zvenzvimbo uye zvipingamupinyi, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuve vakagadzira nzira yekuronga sisitimu uye kwekuisa zvikamu.Zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kunge zvakavanzwa kunze kwekuona uye zvisingasvikike, izvo zvinoita kuti kugadzirisa nguva dzose uye kugadzirisa kuomerwe pane yakagadziriswa michina.
Pneumatic system ine dzinenge dzese njodzi dzinogona kuitika dze hydraulic system.Musiyano wakakosha ndewekuti hydraulic system inogona kuburitsa, ichigadzira jet yemvura ine simba rakakwana paskweya inch kupinda zvipfeko uye ganda.Munzvimbo yeindasitiri, "kupfeka" kunosanganisira zvigadziko zvebhutsu dzebasa.Kukuvara kwemafuta eHydraulic kunoda kurapwa uye kazhinji kunoda kuchipatara.
Pneumatic masisitimu zvakare ane njodzi.Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti, “Zvakanaka, imhepo chete” uye vanobata nazvo zvisina hanya.
“Vanhu vanonzwa pombi dzepneumatic system dzichimhanya, asi havatarise simba rose rinopinda nepombi,” akadaro Weeks.“Simba rose rinofanira kuyerera kune imwe nzvimbo, uye gadziriro yesimba remvura inowanza simba.Pamakumi mashanu PSI, silinda ine nzvimbo ye10 square inches inogona kuburitsa simba rakakwana kufambisa mapaundi mazana mashanu.Load."Sezvatinoziva tese, vashandi vanoshandisa iyi sisitimu inofuridza marara kubva muzvipfeko.
"Mumakambani mazhinji, ichi ndicho chikonzero chekumiswa nekukurumidza," akadaro Weeks.Akataura kuti jeti yemhepo inodzingwa kubva mupneumatic system inogona kusvuura ganda nemamwe matishu kumapfupa.
"Kana paine kudonha kwepneumatic system, ingave pajoinhi kana nepaburi repaipi, hapana anowanzo cherechedza," akadaro."Muchina uyu une ruzha zvakanyanya, vashandi vane dziviriro yekunzwa, uye hapana anonzwa kubuda."Kungonhonga hose yacho kune ngozi.Pasinei nokuti hurongwa huri kushanda here kana kuti kwete, magurovhosi eganda anodiwa kubata pneumatic hoses.
Rimwe dambudziko nderekuti nekuti mweya unodzvinyirira zvakanyanya, kana ukavhura vharafu pane mhenyu system, iyo yakavharwa pneumatic system inogona kuchengetedza yakakwana simba rekumhanya kwenguva yakareba uye kutanga chishandiso kakawanda.
Kunyange zvazvo magetsi emagetsi-kufamba kwemaerekitironi paanenge achifamba mune kondakita-kunoratidzika kuva nyika yakasiyana nefizikiki, haisi.Mutemo wokutanga waNewton wokufamba unoshanda: “Chinhu chakamira chinoramba chakamira, uye chinhu chinofamba chinoramba chichifamba nesipidhi imwe chete uye kwakananga kumwe chete, kunze kwokunge chaiswa pasimba risingaenzaniswi.”
Pamusoro pekutanga, dunhu rega rega, zvisinei kuti rakareruka sei, richaramba kuyerera kwezvino.Kupokana kunotadzisa kuyerera kwezvino, saka kana dunhu rakavharwa (static), kushorwa kunochengeta dunhu mune static state.Kana dunhu rakavhurwa, ikozvino haiyerere kuburikidza nedunhu ipapo;zvinotora kanenge kanguva kadiki kuti voltage ikunde kushorwa uye ikozvino kuyerera.
Nechikonzero chimwe chete, dunhu rega rega rine imwe capacitance kuyerwa, yakafanana nekumhanya kwechinhu chinofamba.Kuvhara chinja hakuiti pakarepo kumisa ikozvino;ikozvino inoramba ichifamba, zvishoma zvishoma.
Mamwe matunhu anoshandisa capacitor kuchengetedza magetsi;basa iri rakafanana nere hydraulic accumulator.Maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe capacitor, inogona kuchengetedza simba remagetsi kwenguva yakareba-ine ngozi simba remagetsi.Kumaseketi anoshandiswa mumichina yeindasitiri, nguva yekuburitsa maminetsi makumi maviri haigoneke, uye mamwe angangoda nguva yakawanda.
Kune pombi bender, Robinson anofungidzira kuti nguva yemaminitsi gumi nemashanu inogona kukwana kuti simba rakachengetwa muhurongwa riparare.Zvadaro ita cheki iri nyore ne voltmeter.
"Pane zvinhu zviviri nezvekubatanidza voltmeter," akadaro Robinson."Chekutanga, inoita kuti nyanzvi izive kana sisitimu ine simba rasara.Chechipiri, inogadzira nzira yekubuda.Ikozvino inoyerera ichibva kune imwe chikamu chedunhu ichipfuura nemamita ichienda kune imwe, ichipedza chero simba richiri kuchengetwa mariri. "
Munyaya yakanakisa, matekinoroji akadzidziswa zvizere, ane ruzivo, uye anowana zvese zvinyorwa zvemuchina.Ane kiyi, tegi, uye anonyatsonzwisisa basa riripo.Nenzira yakanaka, anoshanda nevataridzi vekuchengetedza kuti ape mamwe masosi ekuona njodzi uye kupa rubatsiro rwekurapa kana matambudziko achiri kuitika.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa ndeokuti vanamukoti havana kudzidziswa uye ruzivo, vanoshanda mukambani yekuchengetedza yekunze, saka havazivi nezvemidziyo chaiyo, kukiya hofisi pakupera kwevhiki kana husiku mashifiti, uye zvinyorwa zvemidziyo hazvichasvikike.Iyi inzvimbo yakakwana yemadutu, uye kambani yese ine maindasitiri emidziyo inofanirwa kuita zvese zvinogoneka kudzivirira.
Makambani anogadzira, anogadzira, uye anotengesa midziyo yekuchengetedza kazhinji ane yakadzika indasitiri-yakananga hunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza, saka kuongororwa kwekuchengetedza kwevanopa michina kunogona kubatsira kuita kuti nzvimbo yebasa ive yakachengeteka kumabasa ekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa.
Eric Lundin akabatana nedhipatimendi rekupepeta reThe Tube & Pipe Journal muna 2000 semupepeti wemubatanidzwa.Basa rake guru rinosanganisira kugadzirisa zvinyorwa zveunyanzvi pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwechubhu nekugadzira, pamwe nekunyora zvidzidzo zvekesi uye profiles yekambani.Yakasimudzirwa kuita mupepeti muna 2007.
Asati ajoinha magazini, akashanda muUS Air Force kwemakore mashanu (1985-1990), uye akashandira pombi, pombi, uye mugadziri wegokora wepombi kwemakore matanhatu, kutanga semumiriri webasa revatengi uye gare gare semunyori wehunyanzvi ( 1994-2000).
Akadzidza kuNorthern Illinois University muDeKalb, Illinois, uye akawana dhigirii reBachelor mune zvehupfumi muna 1994.
Tube & Pipe Journal yakava magazini yekutanga yakatsaurirwa kushumira indasitiri yesimbi pombi muna 1990. Nhasi, ichiri chinyorwa chega chakatsaurirwa kune indasitiri muNorth America uye yave iyo inonyanya kuvimbwa nayo yeruzivo kune nyanzvi dzepombi.
Iye zvino unokwanisa kuwana zvizere dhijitari yeThe FABRICATOR uye nyore kuwana zvakakosha zveindasitiri zviwanikwa.
Zviwanikwa zveindasitiri zvakakosha zvino zvinogona kuwanikwa zviri nyore kuburikidza nekuwana kuzere kushanduro yedhijitari yeThe Tube & Pipe Journal.
Nakidzwa nekuwana kuzere kudhijitari ye STAMPING Journal, iyo inopa kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, maitiro epamusoro uye nhau dzeindasitiri yemusika wesimbi.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-30-2021